Pre-concentration associated with selectivity helps eliminate interference of matrix elements. The pre-concentration is useful for determining the metal ions present at concentrations much lower than the detection limit of a particular instrument. Membrane separations find many applications because they have many advantages like cost effectiveness, easy operation and a high pre-concentration factor with a high degree of selectivity.
Jayshree Ramkumar, in Functional Materials, 2012 13.1.2 Membrane Separations A brief overview of each process is given here more detailed descriptions of the individual processes are given elsewhere in the encyclopedia.
Although similar membranes and membrane module designs are used in all of these process areas, the ways by which the separations are performed and the process applications are very different. Further membrane separation applications, including membrane contactors, membrane reactors and coupled and facilitated transport, are under development. The market for these two biomedical applications is another US$2×10 9 per year. Dialysis, another membrane separation technique, is limited to two biomedical processes, haemodialysis (artificial kidneys) and blood oxygenators (artificial lungs). The market is fragmented, but can be divided into six principal industrial process areas : microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, gas separation and pervaporation. Since the 1970s industrial membrane separation technology has developed into a US$1–2 billion per year business. Baker, in Encyclopedia of Separation Science, 2000 Introduction
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